Your Digital Gut is a map of your gut microbiome. It shows two layers of information:
Abundance: The size of each circle represents the relative abundance of a group of organisms.
Taxonomy: The position of each circle indicates how they are related. All circles that belong to the same higher group are positioned inside the area of that higher group.
In short, the visualization shows abundance i.e. how much is there of an organism, and taxonomy i.e. how related is this organims to others.
Knowing the abundance allows us to see which species dominate your gut.
Knowing the taxonomy allows us to compare your results with scientific research at any level of depth.
Visualization of your Digital Gut on January 14, 2022
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your groups of microorganisms by zooming in and out
Domain
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Domain: This category sorts all life on earth into one of three domains on a cellular level. Each domain has unique abilities: Bacteria can grow fast. Archaea are able to adapt to extremes. Eukaryotic cells can form multi-cellular organisms.
This classification of living cells into three domains has been around since the 1990s and is constantly being re-evaluated based on new scientific discoveries. To help understand the concept of these classes, we'll use the classification of animals for each following rank.
A domain can be divided into phyla.
Example: Animals can be subdivided into "phyla", like animals with a spinal chord, animals with an exoskeleton, etc.
A phylum can be divided into classes.
"Animals with a spinal chord" contains the class of four-limbed animals such as reptiles, birds, mammals, etc.
A class can be divided into orders.
Mammals contains the "orders" of primates, rodents, bats, etc.
An order can be divided into families.
In primates, we distinguish between "families" of great apes, gibbons, lemurs, etc.
A family can be divided into genuses.
The great apes we divide into "genuses" like orangutans, gorilla, chimpanzees, and Homo (of which only the modern humans remain), etc.
A genus can be divided into species. This category defines the organism. If a bacterium has almost identical DNA to another bacterium it is considered to be the same species. Genus and species names together form the unique name of an organism. For instance, E. coli means Escherichia (genus) coli (species).
The genus Homo contains one living "species": Homo sapiens - Humans.
Bacteria are a large, diverse and heavily studied group of microorganisms that can be found almost everywhere on earth. They are distinct from archaea in the way they live and what they consist of.
Actinobacteria were originally soil microbes. They help decomposing organic matter. Some species in this group can produce antibiotics as a mechanism of defence against other bacteria. They are close relatives of Firmicutes. Together they represent the majority of known probiotic bacteria.
Bacteroidota break down non-digestible sugar chains for you such as plant-based dietary fiber. When they can’t get that they can switch to eating simpler sugars found in the layer of mucus that lines the inside of your gut.
Bdellovibrionota could be described as bacterial parasites. These predators break into the cells of other bacteria and feed on them from the inside.
Campylobacterota can move around easily using their flagella. They know many different ways to generate energy for themselves.
Fun fact: Species in this group can be free-living on deep-sea vents or prefer to inhabit gastrointestinal tracts of warm-blooded hosts. This is a group containing a few well-known human pathogens.
Cyanobacteria get their energy from the sun just like plants through photosynthesis and can be found almost anywhere on Earth. Strangely enough bacteria belonging to this phylum could be found in our gut too. Scientists believe that these gut-dwelling Cyanobacteria belong to a related phylum called Vampirovibrionia. This group is able to create B and K vitamins and generate energy by fermenting simple sugars, amino acids and organic acids. They produce hydrogen which other Bacteria can use to grow.
Desulfobacterota are specialists predominantly focused on using different forms of Sulfur. In our gut, this Sulfur becomes available from drinking water and dietary proteins but also from bile acids and degraded mucins (sugar + protein complexes).
Elusimicrobiota is a group that includes extremely small and slow-growing bacteria. Bacteria belonging to this group have been discovered in sewage sludge, contaminated soils, toxic wastes but also in the guts of various insects like termites and scarab beetles.
Eremiobacterota is a very recently discovered group of bacteria that prefer cold and acidic conditions and are tolerant to oxygen. Individual species in this group are associated to mosses and able to carry out a special-type of photosynthesis themselves.
Fibrobacterota thrive on cellulose, a typical but to humans non-digestible component of dietary fiber.
Fun fact: They are essential in the guts of larger plant-eating animals such as cows and sheep but also in plant-eating insects, specifically termites.
Firmicutes eat starches found in legumes and unprocessed grains, falling back on mucins (sugar + protein complexes) produced by our bodies to create mucus that protects the inside of our gut.
Fun fact: Scientists are currently reclassifying this group, hence there will likely be changes in the future. We show re-grouped members by adding a letter to the group name i.e. Firmicutes_A.
Firmicutes_A eat starches found in legumes and unprocessed grains, falling back on mucins (sugar + protein complexes) produced by our bodies to create mucus that protects the inside of our gut
Fun fact: Scientists are currently reclassifying this group, hence there will likely be changes in the future. We show re-grouped members by adding a letter to the group name i.e. Firmicutes_A.
Firmicutes_B eat starches found in legumes and unprocessed grains, falling back on mucins (sugar + protein complexes) produced by our bodies to create mucus that protects the inside of our gut
Fun fact: Scientists are currently reclassifying this group, hence there will likely be changes in the future. We show re-grouped members by adding a letter to the group name i.e. Firmicutes_A.
Firmicutes_C eat starches found in legumes and unprocessed grains, falling back on mucins (sugar + protein complexes) produced by our bodies to create mucus that protects the inside of our gut
Fun fact: Scientists are currently reclassifying this group, hence there will likely be changes in the future. We show re-grouped members by adding a letter to the group name i.e. Firmicutes_A.
Firmicutes_G eat starches found in legumes and unprocessed grains, falling back on mucins (sugar + protein complexes) produced by our bodies to create mucus that protects the inside of our gut
Fun fact: Scientists are currently reclassifying this group, hence there will likely be changes in the future. We show re-grouped members by adding a letter to the group name i.e. Firmicutes_A.
Fusobacteriota cannot tolerate oxygen. They populate the mouths and digestive systems of various animals: humans, mice, horses, crocodiles, fish and whales. Bacteria in this group are neutral but could also contribute to escalating diseases such as periodontal disease and colorectal cancer.
Myxococcota are a collection of predators that could be described as acid-spewing wolf bacteria. A pack of members of this group may swarm their prey, other bacteria, and dissolve them with digestive enzymes.
Patescibacteria are ultra-small and extremely simple bacteria that live in groundwater.
Fun fact: Scientists think that some of these can actually only survive by living in symbiosis with larger single-cell microorganisms.
Proteobacteria is a hugely diverse group of bacteria that typically make up a small portion of your gut’s microbiome. This group contains harmful but also beneficial bacteria.
Spirochaetota can ferment simple sugars, amino-acids, or fibers, and are found both free-living and living in or on animals and humans.
Some members of this group are enriched in the guts of tribal groups in Africa and South America that maintain a traditional diet. This group contains a number of bacteria that can cause diseases such as lyme disease and syphillis.
Fun fact: They have their name from their distinct corkscrew shape visible in the microscope.
Synergistota are a group of bacteria that live in environments with no oxygen. They are found in humans, animals but also the soil and ocean where they chiefly feed on amino acids.
Verrucomicrobiota is the group most well-known for containing Akkermansia muciniphila, which has a proven beneficial effect on high-fat diet induced metabolic disorders in mice. A. muciniphila specialises in eating components of the gut mucus and has been isolated from humans and mice.
Archaea are evolutionary ancient microorganisms distinct from bacteria. They have initially only been found in extremely harsh environments but have now been identified virtually everywhere else. No pathogens are currently known. Archaea are the only organisms that are able to produce methane.
Euryarchaeota are almost exclusively specialised in producing methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Halobacterota are, despite the confusing name, a group of archaea and not bacteria. These thrive in water that is almost or entirely saturated with salt. Members in this group can produce methane from acetate, from hydrogen, or from methanol.
Thermoplasmatota are a group of archeae. Some members in this group can tolerate very strong acid and high temperatures others are found in the surface layer of the ocean. Some members of this group can produce methane from methanol and similar compounds.
These bacteria are considered to be beneficial.
Collectively, they have been shown to have inflammation-reducing effects, limit growth of pathogens, lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, protection against cholera infection, protection against weight gain and support the gut with nutrients.
In your gut, these are present either within the reference range or above.
Species name
Your abundance
Healthy Danes
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_D
2.10%
0.02%
-
0.81%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Roseburia intestinalis
1.99%
<0.01%
-
1.99%
Species of the genus Roseburia are common members of the gut microbiome belonging to the phylum of Firmicutes. It is specialised in growing on a particular type of sugars (beta-mannans) and produces butyrate which nourishes gut cells.
Species of the genus Roseburia are common members of the gut microbiome belonging to the phylum of Firmicutes. It is specialised in growing on a particular type of sugars (beta-mannans) and produces butyrate which nourishes gut cells.
Blautia_A obeum
1.13%
0.01%
-
0.19%
Blautia obeum is able to convert the bile acid taurocholate (TCA) into its components taurine and cholate (CA). This first step in the secondary bile acid pathway is the reason why B. obeum has a protective effect against cholera. Vibrio cholerae, the microbial agent behind cholera, relies on TCA to trigger the disease state.
Blautia obeum is able to convert the bile acid taurocholate (TCA) into its components taurine and cholate (CA). This first step in the secondary bile acid pathway is the reason why B. obeum has a protective effect against cholera. Vibrio cholerae, the microbial agent behind cholera, relies on TCA to trigger the disease state.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_E
0.84%
<0.01%
-
0.32%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_I
0.40%
<0.01%
-
0.26%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Bifidobacterium infantis
0.12%
<0.01%
-
0.09%
Bifidobacteria are a group of bacteria considered to be the first organisms to settle in the gut early in life. They are typically highly abundant in healthy individuals.
Bifidobacteria are a group of bacteria considered to be the first organisms to settle in the gut early in life. They are typically highly abundant in healthy individuals.
Akkermansia muciniphila
0.02%
<0.01%
-
2.11%
A. muciniphila has been described as the "sentinel of the gut" due to its functions strengthening the inner lining of the gut, limiting inflammation, influencing the immunesystem, and supplying other beneficial microbiota with food. People with Diabetes or Obesity were found to have lowered levels of A. muciniphila.
A. muciniphila has been described as the "sentinel of the gut" due to its functions strengthening the inner lining of the gut, limiting inflammation, influencing the immunesystem, and supplying other beneficial microbiota with food. People with Diabetes or Obesity were found to have lowered levels of A. muciniphila.
Christensenella minuta
<0.01%
(Within reference)
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Christensenella minuta is a gut commensal regularily associated with leanness. This organism seems to be tightly linked to the human energy metabolism and maintaining a normal energy balance. It is associated with healthy aging and a reduced aggressiveness of the immune system. There is evidence of C. minuta protecting against weight gain.
Christensenella minuta is a gut commensal regularily associated with leanness. This organism seems to be tightly linked to the human energy metabolism and maintaining a normal energy balance. It is associated with healthy aging and a reduced aggressiveness of the immune system. There is evidence of C. minuta protecting against weight gain.
Clostridium_M bolteae
<0.01%
(Within reference)
<0.01%
-
0.08%
C. bolteae is a Gram-positive bacterium that is part of the normal human microbiome. It can support the growth of Blautia producta, which can prevent an infection by Enterococcus. Unfortunately, it also seems to play a role in the development of autism in children.
C. bolteae is a Gram-positive bacterium that is part of the normal human microbiome. It can support the growth of Blautia producta, which can prevent an infection by Enterococcus. Unfortunately, it also seems to play a role in the development of autism in children.
Adlercreutzia equolifaciens
<0.01%
(Within reference)
<0.01%
-
0.03%
The species name "equolifaciens" from Adlercreutzia equolifaciens translates to "equol maker". Equol is a powerful antioxidant that has been associated with a protective effect in postmenopausal symptoms, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, osteoporosis and cancers. A. equolifaciens make Equol when supplied with Isoflavones, which can be found abundantly in soy and soy-products.
The species name "equolifaciens" from Adlercreutzia equolifaciens translates to "equol maker". Equol is a powerful antioxidant that has been associated with a protective effect in postmenopausal symptoms, cardiovascular and neurological diseases, osteoporosis and cancers. A. equolifaciens make Equol when supplied with Isoflavones, which can be found abundantly in soy and soy-products.
Bifidobacterium bifidum
<0.01%
(Within reference)
<0.01%
-
0.08%
Bifidobacteria are a group of bacteria considered to be the first organisms to settle in the gut early in life. They are typically highly abundant in healthy individuals. B. bidifum also produces Equol.
Bifidobacteria are a group of bacteria considered to be the first organisms to settle in the gut early in life. They are typically highly abundant in healthy individuals. B. bidifum also produces Equol.
Methanobrevibacter_A smithii_A
<0.01%
(Within reference)
<0.01%
-
0.18%
Methanobrevibacter smithii, despite it's genus name, is not a bacterium. Instead it is a very common archaeon with the ability to produce methane from two major end-products of fermentation in your gut: hydrogen and carbon dioxide. By doing so, they increase the efficiency of bacterial digestion. Methane has also been shown to decrease gut muscle activity which can lead to constipation. M. smithii has been found to be abundant in lean people and may be protective against weight gain.
Methanobrevibacter smithii, despite it's genus name, is not a bacterium. Instead it is a very common archaeon with the ability to produce methane from two major end-products of fermentation in your gut: hydrogen and carbon dioxide. By doing so, they increase the efficiency of bacterial digestion. Methane has also been shown to decrease gut muscle activity which can lead to constipation. M. smithii has been found to be abundant in lean people and may be protective against weight gain.
These bacteria are considered to be beneficial.
Collectively, they have been shown to have inflammation-reducing effects, limit growth of pathogens, protection against cholera infection, support the gut with nutrients and limit growth of pathogens.
You have less of these than the Healthy Danes reference range.
Species name
Your abundance
Healthy Danes
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_C
0.02%
0.03%
-
1.15%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_K
0.01%
0.02%
-
0.60%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Roseburia hominis
<0.01%
(Below reference)
0.02%
-
0.57%
Species of the genus Roseburia are common members of the gut microbiome belonging to the phylum of Firmicutes. R. hominis strengthens the inner surface of the gut and calms the immunesystem. It has been shown that in diseases like Chron's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, levels of R. hominis are much lower than in the healthy population.
Species of the genus Roseburia are common members of the gut microbiome belonging to the phylum of Firmicutes. R. hominis strengthens the inner surface of the gut and calms the immunesystem. It has been shown that in diseases like Chron's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, levels of R. hominis are much lower than in the healthy population.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_F
<0.01%
(Below reference)
<0.01%
-
0.95%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_J
<0.01%
(Below reference)
<0.01%
-
0.29%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_H
<0.01%
(Below reference)
<0.01%
-
0.60%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_G
<0.01%
(Below reference)
0.02%
-
1.10%
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
F. prausnitzii is one of the most abundant species in the gut. It contributes heavily to the production of butyrate, which is a crucial nutrient for human gut cells. F. prausnitzii is able to calm the immunesystem limiting inflammation and has been shown to strengthen the inner lining of the gut. Unfortunately, however, the exact nature of its positive interactions have not been revealed yet.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
<0.01%
(Below reference)
0.01%
-
1.07%
B. thetaiotaomicron is one of the most well-studied and common members of our gut microbiome. It can convert a range of complex and simple sugars into nutrients for other microbes. This way, B. thetaiotaomicron forms a stable basis of supply for the microbiome.
B. thetaiotaomicron is one of the most well-studied and common members of our gut microbiome. It can convert a range of complex and simple sugars into nutrients for other microbes. This way, B. thetaiotaomicron forms a stable basis of supply for the microbiome.
Roseburia inulinivorans
<0.01%
(Below reference)
0.03%
-
1.00%
Species of the genus Roseburia are common members of the gut microbiome belonging to the phylum of Firmicutes. R. inulinivorans is able to switch between producing butyrate and propionate depending on the diet. Although both molecules have health-promoting effects, proprionate increases satiety and could thereby contribute to weight-loss.
Species of the genus Roseburia are common members of the gut microbiome belonging to the phylum of Firmicutes. R. inulinivorans is able to switch between producing butyrate and propionate depending on the diet. Although both molecules have health-promoting effects, proprionate increases satiety and could thereby contribute to weight-loss.
Blautia_A obeum_B
<0.01%
(Below reference)
<0.01%
-
0.03%
Blautia obeum is able to convert the bile acid taurocholate (TCA) into its components taurine and cholate (CA). This first step in the secondary bile acid pathway is the reason why B. obeum has a protective effect against cholera. Vibrio cholerae, the microbial agent behind cholera, relies on TCA to trigger the disease state.
Blautia obeum is able to convert the bile acid taurocholate (TCA) into its components taurine and cholate (CA). This first step in the secondary bile acid pathway is the reason why B. obeum has a protective effect against cholera. Vibrio cholerae, the microbial agent behind cholera, relies on TCA to trigger the disease state.
Blautia producta
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Several species from the genus Blautia are suspected to have probiotic properties. However, there is no conclusive evidence yet and a general assessment of the genus Blautia does not exist yet because it is fairly young. The presence of B. producta specifically can prevent an infection by Enterococcus.
Several species from the genus Blautia are suspected to have probiotic properties. However, there is no conclusive evidence yet and a general assessment of the genus Blautia does not exist yet because it is fairly young. The presence of B. producta specifically can prevent an infection by Enterococcus.
Lactobacillus salivarius strain UCC118
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
L. salivarius was initally isolated from human saliva but has since then been found living in virtually every part of the human gastrointestinal tract. Within hours after birth, L. salivarius can be found in human babies. Variations of L. salivarius show probiotic functions that actively prevent the growth of pathogens, strengthen the inner surface of the gut, and calm the immunesystem.
L. salivarius was initally isolated from human saliva but has since then been found living in virtually every part of the human gastrointestinal tract. Within hours after birth, L. salivarius can be found in human babies. Variations of L. salivarius show probiotic functions that actively prevent the growth of pathogens, strengthen the inner surface of the gut, and calm the immunesystem.
You can support the good guys, by eating Bean fiber, Beans, Coconut Palm, Coffee Beans, Diet rich in polyphenols from tea or fruit, Fruit and vegetable fiber, Isoflavones, Legume Seeds, Milk, Mushrooms, Nuts, Seaweed and Seeds. Moreover, take a look at our inspirations and recommendations.
These bacteria don't make you sick by themselves but they could become problematic if you do get sick.
Collectively, they have been associated with Colorectal Cancer, Diarrhea, IBD, Numerous Diseases, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Abcesses, Antibiotic-associated Colitis, Clinical infections, Colitis, Colon Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Diarrhea, Gastric Ulcers, Gastritis, Hallitosis, Hospital infections, Oral diseases, Pneumonia, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Urinary Tract Infection.
In your gut, these are present less or equal to the Healthy Danes reference.
Species name
Your abundance
Healthy Danes
Escherichia coli_D
<0.01%
(Within reference)
<0.01%
-
0.37%
The majority of types of E. coli bacteria are completely harmless and thrive in the guts of healthy animals and humans. However, several subtypes can produce strong toxins that cause serious illnesses.
The majority of types of E. coli bacteria are completely harmless and thrive in the guts of healthy animals and humans. However, several subtypes can produce strong toxins that cause serious illnesses.
Bacteroides fragilis
<0.01%
(Within reference)
<0.01%
-
0.73%
Bacteroides like B. fragilis are generally beneficial to your health when kept in the confines of your gut. Yet, they may cause serious infections when they get into the bloodstream and spread within the body. Some variants of B. fragilis harbour particularly aggressive genes which allow them to induce abscesses, and possibly contribute to the formation of colorectal cancer.
Bacteroides like B. fragilis are generally beneficial to your health when kept in the confines of your gut. Yet, they may cause serious infections when they get into the bloodstream and spread within the body. Some variants of B. fragilis harbour particularly aggressive genes which allow them to induce abscesses, and possibly contribute to the formation of colorectal cancer.
Prevotella copri
<0.01%
(Within reference)
<0.01%
-
16.42%
Prevotella copri is a rod-shaped bacteria that is not universally present in the Western population, but when it is found it is often very abundant. Whether P. copri is beneficial or not is unfortunately not clear at all. There are four large groups of P. copri variants, one of which has been linked to inflammatory conditions, among them rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, the genus Prevotella contains excellent degraders of complex sugars in the form of plant fibre, and produce the beneficial short-chain fatty acid propionate.
Prevotella copri is a rod-shaped bacteria that is not universally present in the Western population, but when it is found it is often very abundant. Whether P. copri is beneficial or not is unfortunately not clear at all. There are four large groups of P. copri variants, one of which has been linked to inflammatory conditions, among them rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, the genus Prevotella contains excellent degraders of complex sugars in the form of plant fibre, and produce the beneficial short-chain fatty acid propionate.
Helicobacter pylori
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Helicobacter pylori is a wide-spread bacterium highly specialised to living in the human stomach. While it can also cause chronic gastritis, ulcers and stomach cancer, the great majority of carriers (around 60% of the world population) are completely asymptomatic.
Helicobacter pylori is a wide-spread bacterium highly specialised to living in the human stomach. While it can also cause chronic gastritis, ulcers and stomach cancer, the great majority of carriers (around 60% of the world population) are completely asymptomatic.
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
F. nucleatum is a common harmless bacteria that thrives in your mouth but may end up in your gut anyways. Higher amounts of F. nucleatum have been found in people with colorectal cancer than compared with healthy people. It seems to live in the tissue of the cancer itself and it's presence there is associated with a worse course of the disease. It's exact role, however, is still being studied.
F. nucleatum is a common harmless bacteria that thrives in your mouth but may end up in your gut anyways. Higher amounts of F. nucleatum have been found in people with colorectal cancer than compared with healthy people. It seems to live in the tissue of the cancer itself and it's presence there is associated with a worse course of the disease. It's exact role, however, is still being studied.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Not detected
<0.01%
-
0.41%
K. pneumoniae is usually a harmless resident of the gastrointestinal tract. Unfortunately, due to its hardiness it has been more frequently implicated in serious infections. K. pneumoniae does not actively attack the body, instead it it is exceptionally skilled at evading and surviving the immune system. Depending on its genes it can also be resistant against a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Thus, an infection with K. pneuomiae outside of the intestinal tract can become a serious threat to both immuneocompromised and healthy individuals. In mice, it was show that K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis together can also cause colitis.
K. pneumoniae is usually a harmless resident of the gastrointestinal tract. Unfortunately, due to its hardiness it has been more frequently implicated in serious infections. K. pneumoniae does not actively attack the body, instead it it is exceptionally skilled at evading and surviving the immune system. Depending on its genes it can also be resistant against a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Thus, an infection with K. pneuomiae outside of the intestinal tract can become a serious threat to both immuneocompromised and healthy individuals. In mice, it was show that K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis together can also cause colitis.
Proteus mirabilis
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Proteus bacteria are known for their role in complicated urinary tract or wound infections in people with reduced immune function. They are, however, inconspicuous when residing in a healthy gut. Insufficient hand hygiene can lead to a spread between people, which is especially dangerous in hospitals. P. mirabilis in the gut has been associated with obesity and inflammation. In mice, it was show that P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae together can also cause colitis.
Proteus bacteria are known for their role in complicated urinary tract or wound infections in people with reduced immune function. They are, however, inconspicuous when residing in a healthy gut. Insufficient hand hygiene can lead to a spread between people, which is especially dangerous in hospitals. P. mirabilis in the gut has been associated with obesity and inflammation. In mice, it was show that P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae together can also cause colitis.
Klebsiella oxytoca
Not detected
<0.01%
-
0.04%
Klebsiella oxytoca is a growing concern for hospital-aquired infections. It is a common gut and soil microbe with the ability to gain resistance against antibiotics. In cases of antibiotic-associated colitis where no Clostridium dificile could be identified an infection with K. oxytoca might be the culprit instead.
Klebsiella oxytoca is a growing concern for hospital-aquired infections. It is a common gut and soil microbe with the ability to gain resistance against antibiotics. In cases of antibiotic-associated colitis where no Clostridium dificile could be identified an infection with K. oxytoca might be the culprit instead.
Enterococcus avium
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Enterococcus avium is normally found in chicken guts and feces. Some species of Enterococcus can cause infections like endocarditis, intraabdominal infections and urinary tract infections. However, Enterococcus faecalis or E. faecium are responsible for most of these infections. E.avium rarely infects humans, making up only about 5% of all Enterococcus infections. However the reports on E. avium infections are increasing.
Enterococcus avium is normally found in chicken guts and feces. Some species of Enterococcus can cause infections like endocarditis, intraabdominal infections and urinary tract infections. However, Enterococcus faecalis or E. faecium are responsible for most of these infections. E.avium rarely infects humans, making up only about 5% of all Enterococcus infections. However the reports on E. avium infections are increasing.
Bacillus cereus
Not detected
Not found in the reference
Bacillus cereus is a common soil bacterium closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis. Although the three species are quite different in their impact on humans, they share large parts of their genome. B. cereus and B. thuringensis are known to cause hospital infections, especially in people with reduced functioning of the immune system.
Bacillus cereus is a common soil bacterium closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis. Although the three species are quite different in their impact on humans, they share large parts of their genome. B. cereus and B. thuringensis are known to cause hospital infections, especially in people with reduced functioning of the immune system.
Bacillus thuringiensis
Not detected
Not found in the reference
Bacillus thuringiensis is closely related to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis. It is most well known for the production of a toxin that is used as insecticide but also exhibits a strong effect against Clostridium dificile. B. thuringensis and B. cereus are known to cause hospital infections, especially in people with reduced functioning of the immune system.
Bacillus thuringiensis is closely related to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus anthracis. It is most well known for the production of a toxin that is used as insecticide but also exhibits a strong effect against Clostridium dificile. B. thuringensis and B. cereus are known to cause hospital infections, especially in people with reduced functioning of the immune system.
Collinsella aerofaciens
Not detected
<0.01%
-
0.03%
Collinsella aerofaciens has been associated to rheumatoid arthritis where it may increase symptoms by weakening the connection between the cells that line the gut.
Collinsella aerofaciens has been associated to rheumatoid arthritis where it may increase symptoms by weakening the connection between the cells that line the gut.
Peptostreptococcus stomatis
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
P. stomatis was first isolated from the human oral cavity, but later also identified in the vagina, gasto-intestinal and urinal tracts. It belongs to a heterogenous group of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) notorious for causing a number clinical infections in at-risk individuals. P. stomatis prefers the digestion of proteins and amino acids over carbohydrates. Recently, it has been found to be associated with adenoma and colorectal cancer.
P. stomatis was first isolated from the human oral cavity, but later also identified in the vagina, gasto-intestinal and urinal tracts. It belongs to a heterogenous group of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) notorious for causing a number clinical infections in at-risk individuals. P. stomatis prefers the digestion of proteins and amino acids over carbohydrates. Recently, it has been found to be associated with adenoma and colorectal cancer.
Parvimonas micra
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Parvimonas micra used to be known as Peptostreptococcus micros. Like P. stomatis it is a common oral microbiont and a member of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) known to cause several clinical infections in people that have elevated risk. P. micra is often found in infected root canals but has also been associated with meningitis, cervical and brain abscesses, infective endocarditis, spondylodiscitis and gastro-intestinal infections. In patients with colorectal cancer the relative abundance of P. micra was consistently higher than in healthy controls. There seems to be a pattern of P. micra and F. nucleatum being abundant together which suggests cooperation between the two organisms in disease.
Parvimonas micra used to be known as Peptostreptococcus micros. Like P. stomatis it is a common oral microbiont and a member of Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) known to cause several clinical infections in people that have elevated risk. P. micra is often found in infected root canals but has also been associated with meningitis, cervical and brain abscesses, infective endocarditis, spondylodiscitis and gastro-intestinal infections. In patients with colorectal cancer the relative abundance of P. micra was consistently higher than in healthy controls. There seems to be a pattern of P. micra and F. nucleatum being abundant together which suggests cooperation between the two organisms in disease.
Solobacterium moorei
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Solobacterium moorei (also known as Bulleidia moorei) is an anaerobic bacillus found in the human oral cavity, specifically on the tongue, but also in the gastro-intestinal tract. S. moorei is responsible for causing bad breath by producing various sulphur compounds. It is further involved in periodontal and other oral diseases and there are reports about severe infections following oral abscesses. A high abundance of S. moorei in stool samples has recently been associated with colorectal cancer, especially when co-occuring with increased levels of F. nucleatum.
Solobacterium moorei (also known as Bulleidia moorei) is an anaerobic bacillus found in the human oral cavity, specifically on the tongue, but also in the gastro-intestinal tract. S. moorei is responsible for causing bad breath by producing various sulphur compounds. It is further involved in periodontal and other oral diseases and there are reports about severe infections following oral abscesses. A high abundance of S. moorei in stool samples has recently been associated with colorectal cancer, especially when co-occuring with increased levels of F. nucleatum.
These bacteria don't make you sick by themselves but they could become problematic if you do get sick.
Collectively, they have been associated with Colorectal Cancer, Diarrhea, Endocarditis, Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections, Gastrointestinal symptoms, IBD, Urinary Tract Infection, abcesses and systemic bacteremia.
You have more of these than compared to the Healthy Danes reference range.
To keep these in check you should support the good guys as much as you can.
Species name
Your abundance
Healthy Danes
Eggerthella lenta
0.25%
<0.01%
-
0.01%
Eggerthella lenta is found in 81.6% of the population but typically in low amounts. It is known for its ability to break down the cardiac drug digoxin, which reduces the drug's effectiveness, and for being able to promote inflammation in diseases such as colitis.
Eggerthella lenta is found in 81.6% of the population but typically in low amounts. It is known for its ability to break down the cardiac drug digoxin, which reduces the drug's effectiveness, and for being able to promote inflammation in diseases such as colitis.
Bacteroides fragilis_A
0.20%
<0.01%
-
0.03%
Bacteroides like B. fragilis are generally beneficial to your health when kept in the confines of your gut. Yet, they may cause serious infections when they get into the bloodstream and spread within the body. Some variants of B. fragilis harbour particularly aggressive genes which allow them to induce abscesses, and possibly contribute to the formation of colorectal cancer.
Bacteroides like B. fragilis are generally beneficial to your health when kept in the confines of your gut. Yet, they may cause serious infections when they get into the bloodstream and spread within the body. Some variants of B. fragilis harbour particularly aggressive genes which allow them to induce abscesses, and possibly contribute to the formation of colorectal cancer.
Enterococcus faecalis
0.02%
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
This bacterium is a common, useful and remarably resilient inhabitant of the healthy human gut. Unfortunately, it can also obtain certain genes which allow it to resist multiple antibiotics and cause a variety of serious infections. These are especially likely in people that are already sick or have a weakened immune system. E. faecalis is also able to metabolize a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and thus reduce its effectiveness.
This bacterium is a common, useful and remarably resilient inhabitant of the healthy human gut. Unfortunately, it can also obtain certain genes which allow it to resist multiple antibiotics and cause a variety of serious infections. These are especially likely in people that are already sick or have a weakened immune system. E. faecalis is also able to metabolize a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and thus reduce its effectiveness.
Harmful microbes
NegativePositive (not detected)
4 out of 14
Harmful bacteria
identified in your sample from our shortlist
NegativePositive (not detected)
4 out of 14
Harmful bacteria
identified in your sample from our shortlist
Harmful microbes
These bacteria are known pathogens defined by being disease causing organisms. If any of these are found you should consult your GP.
Note: The detection of a pathogen is not a diagnose nor does it mean that you are sick or will be.
Disclaimer - Biology is complex and our analyses are not infallible. It is possible that the organisms listed below are not pathogenic after all due to subtle genetic differences beyond our range of detection, or that we could not detect other pathogens. If you are in doubt, consider discussing the results with your general practicioner.
These bacteria are well known pathogens.
Collectively, they have been associated with Diarrhea, Food Poisoning, Gastroenteritis, Intestinal Infections and Severe Colitis.
In your gut, they are much more abundant compared to the Healthy Danes reference.
Species name
Your abundance
Healthy Danes
Aeromonas hydrophila
0.02%
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
A. hydrophila has been described as a "Jack-of-all-trades" in gastrointestinal disease because it is able to make a number of very different organisms very sick. It lives in freshwater, and once inside a host it can cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, and necrotizing fasciitis.
A. hydrophila has been described as a "Jack-of-all-trades" in gastrointestinal disease because it is able to make a number of very different organisms very sick. It lives in freshwater, and once inside a host it can cause gastroenteritis, septicemia, and necrotizing fasciitis.
Clostridioides difficile_A
0.01%
Not found in the reference
C. difficile is an emerging pathogen of the human intestinal tract. The risk of an infection is increasingly higher especially in the eldery, people that are being treated with antibiotics, and people that have prolonged hospital stays. An infection can be entirely free of symptoms, cause different degrees of diarrhea, but also result in life-threatening colitis.
C. difficile is an emerging pathogen of the human intestinal tract. The risk of an infection is increasingly higher especially in the eldery, people that are being treated with antibiotics, and people that have prolonged hospital stays. An infection can be entirely free of symptoms, cause different degrees of diarrhea, but also result in life-threatening colitis.
Clostridioides difficile
<0.01%
(Above reference)
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
C. difficile is an emerging pathogen of the human intestinal tract. The risk of an infection is increasingly higher especially in the eldery, people that are being treated with antibiotics, and people that have prolonged hospital stays. An infection can be entirely free of symptoms, cause different degrees of diarrhea, but also result in life-threatening colitis.
C. difficile is an emerging pathogen of the human intestinal tract. The risk of an infection is increasingly higher especially in the eldery, people that are being treated with antibiotics, and people that have prolonged hospital stays. An infection can be entirely free of symptoms, cause different degrees of diarrhea, but also result in life-threatening colitis.
Campylobacter_D coli_B
<0.01%
Not found in the reference
Campylobacter coli causes bacterial gastroenteritis. It's natural habitat are the intestinal tracts of wild and domestic animals. The consumption of contaminated water and food, but also the contact with animals could result in infection. C. coli isolated from the wild are often resistant against at least one if not several common antibiotics.
Campylobacter coli causes bacterial gastroenteritis. It's natural habitat are the intestinal tracts of wild and domestic animals. The consumption of contaminated water and food, but also the contact with animals could result in infection. C. coli isolated from the wild are often resistant against at least one if not several common antibiotics.
Please consult these results with your general practicioner.
These are the pathogens we look for, but did not find in your gut.
Species name
Your abundance
Healthy Danes
Brachyspira aalborgi
Not detected
Not found in the reference
B. aalborgi thrives in the intestines of humans and possibly primates. It is the most common cause of human intestinal spirochetosis, a condition marked by chronic diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding. Infections can co-occur with Brachispyra pilosicoli.
B. aalborgi thrives in the intestines of humans and possibly primates. It is the most common cause of human intestinal spirochetosis, a condition marked by chronic diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding. Infections can co-occur with Brachispyra pilosicoli.
Brachyspira pilosicoli
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
B. pilosicoli thrives in the intestines of pigs, chickens, humans and many wild birds and rodents where it can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. A transmission between animals and humans is likely but unproven. Higher contents of soluble fiber in the diet can make it easier for B. piloscoli to survive in the gut.
B. pilosicoli thrives in the intestines of pigs, chickens, humans and many wild birds and rodents where it can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. A transmission between animals and humans is likely but unproven. Higher contents of soluble fiber in the diet can make it easier for B. piloscoli to survive in the gut.
Salmonella enterica
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Gram-negative bacteria of the species Salmonella enterica cause disease in humans and a wide range of animals, with symptoms ranging from enterocolitis to typhoid fever.
Gram-negative bacteria of the species Salmonella enterica cause disease in humans and a wide range of animals, with symptoms ranging from enterocolitis to typhoid fever.
Yersinia enterocolitica
Not detected
Not found in the reference
Strong diarrhea, inflammation, and pain resembling appendicitis are common symptoms of Yersiniosis, which is caused by ingesting Y. enterocolitica. Typical sources of infection include the consumption of raw or undercooked pork, unpasteurized milk, and unwashed fruit and vegetables. Infectious Y. enterocolitica may still be found in the stool up to 3 month after the initial symtomps have stopped.
Strong diarrhea, inflammation, and pain resembling appendicitis are common symptoms of Yersiniosis, which is caused by ingesting Y. enterocolitica. Typical sources of infection include the consumption of raw or undercooked pork, unpasteurized milk, and unwashed fruit and vegetables. Infectious Y. enterocolitica may still be found in the stool up to 3 month after the initial symtomps have stopped.
Vibrio cholerae
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Vibrio cholerae naturally inhabits rivers and brakish water where it can attach to crabs, shrimp and other shellfish. In humans, it infects the intestines and causes cholera, wich is a potentially deadly disease characterised by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.
Vibrio cholerae naturally inhabits rivers and brakish water where it can attach to crabs, shrimp and other shellfish. In humans, it infects the intestines and causes cholera, wich is a potentially deadly disease characterised by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.
Campylobacter jejuni
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most prevalent bacterial origins of food poisoning around the world. In the developing world, C. jejuni infections, which manifest in moderate to strong diarrhea, are associated to malnutrition, inflammation, and growth deficits.
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most prevalent bacterial origins of food poisoning around the world. In the developing world, C. jejuni infections, which manifest in moderate to strong diarrhea, are associated to malnutrition, inflammation, and growth deficits.
Listeria monocytogenes
Not detected
Not found in the reference
Listeria monocytogenes can be found virtually everywhere, in soil, water, plants and the guts of many plant-eating animals. It can survive very low temperatures and therefore thrives on refrigerated but otherwise improperly prepared food. In people with a functioning immunesystem an infection results in a relatively harmless gastroenteritis. Infections in pregnant women, newborns, or generally people with a weakened immunesystem are much more serious and can cause meningitis and sepsis.
Listeria monocytogenes can be found virtually everywhere, in soil, water, plants and the guts of many plant-eating animals. It can survive very low temperatures and therefore thrives on refrigerated but otherwise improperly prepared food. In people with a functioning immunesystem an infection results in a relatively harmless gastroenteritis. Infections in pregnant women, newborns, or generally people with a weakened immunesystem are much more serious and can cause meningitis and sepsis.
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Not detected
Not found in the reference
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a pathogen of cattle and sheep in which it causes Johne's disease, a chronic inflammation of the intestine. A transfer to humans has been suspected and M. paratuberculosis could be detected in patients with Crohn's disease and IBS.
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a pathogen of cattle and sheep in which it causes Johne's disease, a chronic inflammation of the intestine. A transfer to humans has been suspected and M. paratuberculosis could be detected in patients with Crohn's disease and IBS.
Aeromonas caviae
Not detected
Not found in the reference
A. caviae is a freshwater bacterium most commonly associated with traveller's diarrhea.
A. caviae is a freshwater bacterium most commonly associated with traveller's diarrhea.
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Not detected
<0.01%
-
<0.01%
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the key organisms involved in periodontitis. It harbours specific genes that allow it to form biofilms, evade and control the immune defense, and invade human tissues far from the oral cavity.
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the key organisms involved in periodontitis. It harbours specific genes that allow it to form biofilms, evade and control the immune defense, and invade human tissues far from the oral cavity.
Richness
This visualisation of richness shows a circle for each gut microbe.
Black circles: Show the individual species present in your gut.
Gray circles: Show all species that we know could exist in the human gut but undetected in your gut.
Species are sorted alphabetically.
Note: Low microbiome richness is considered to be less resilient than microbiome communities with high richness.
Visualization of the species in your gut compared to known gut species
1,250
unique species
Lower
than average
Healthy Danes have an average of 1,319 species with a range between 860 and 1,809 species.